Warriors show their true colors

Exhibition illustrates how researchers are preserving the original appearance of some of China's most precious relics

Four minutes. That's all it takes for the rarest colors on Earth to fade in front of a pair of human eyes. Han blue and Han purple, also known as Chinese blue and Chinese purple, are made of synthetic barium copper silicate.

The pigments were first used in paint in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), and in large quantities on the Terracotta Warriors unearthed from the tomb of Emperor Qinshihuang, China's first emperor, who lived between 259 BC and 210 BC.

An exhibition is underway in Xi'an, capital of Shaanxi province, to show the progress researchers have made in retaining the colors of the Terracotta Warriors. Photos by Xinhua / For China Daily

The life-size Terracotta Warriors were first discovered in 1974 from the tomb of Emperor Qinshihuang, China's first emperor. Photos by Xinhua

"Almost every warrior and horse was painted, but after more than 2,200 years, the pigments were so old they began to change just 15 seconds after they were unearthed, and within four minutes the lacquer layers that were bound with the pigments broke from the surface," says Xia Yin, director of the relics protection department at Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum.

"Before the artifacts were unearthed, they were protected by a cooler and more humid underground environment," says Xia, who has spent more than 20 years researching them.

The life-size clay figures were first discovered in 1974 in the underground mausoleum, the world's largest. But there were no advanced techniques to properly protect the warriors, Xia says.

"Photographers did not have the time to take a picture before the paints began to disappear," he says.

For the past 20 years, Chinese researchers have collaborated with German scholars on preserving colors on pottery.

An exhibition is underway in Xi'an, capital of Shaanxi province, where the mausoleum is located, to show the progress researchers have made in retaining the colors of the excavated artifacts. It started on Aug 30 and will last for three months.

Rare paints

No written records have been found on the production of Han purple and Han blue. The rare paints were used on pottery, murals and tomb artifacts during the Western Zhou Dynasty (c. 11th century-771 BC) until the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220). However, since then they have disappeared.

"Synthetic barium copper silicate is made from azurite, barite, quartz and other minerals heated together to a temperature of around 1,000 C. We can try to make the pigments in labs, but it is a very difficult technique, even today," Xia says.

The paints were bound to the surface with lacquer, symbolizing luxury and status. They were used by emperors and noble families.

Overall, in the Qinshihuang mausoleum, there are more than 10 colors for the terracotta figures, including scarlet, pink, green, jujube red, azure, pink-purple and reddish brown.

"The colors on the surface of Terracotta Warriors show vibrancy and liveliness in the emotions of the Qin people. It is definitely not one of sadness or low spirit," says Yuan Zhongyi, a senior archaeologist and retired curator of the museum.

Better protection

The first excavation began on Pit No 2 in 1994. Nearly 8,000 life-size warriors and horses, along with tens of thousands of pieces of weaponry, have been uncovered in three pits.

"We sprayed an antiseptic substance on the layers once the warriors were unearthed, wrapped them with plastic membranes to keep them humid, and had skilled workers clean the surfaces and work on them in labs," says Hou Ningbin, curator of the museum.

The new techniques can keep the paint stable for more than 10 years, he says.

The technology has been used for repairing unearthed artifacts from other parts of China.

"Now visitors can see for themselves the scarlet hair bands, pink faces, scarlet lips, purple robes and pants of the warriors. They can also visit our digital museum to explore the vividness of colors on the warriors," Hou says.

"The excavated part of the mausoleum is about 1 percent of the total. What we know is the tip of an iceberg. Many more things remain buried underground, but we'd rather them remain as they are now, because we may not be technically ready to protect them yet," Hou says. "The world of colors down below is still a mystery, and we need to be patient."

Xinhua

(China Daily European Weekly 09/29/2017 page22)